Summary of Funded Research on Women with Disabilities

Disclaimer: This is only a listing of completed and current research on the health of women with physical disabilities. Inclusion in the list implies no judgment of the project’s quality or findings.

Cardiovascular Disease

Economic Outcomes

General

Girls with Disabilities

Project Title		Institution		Funding Dates & Source			Principal Investigator		Major Findings	Recommendations for Future Research
Abuse/Violence Return to top
Violence Against Women with Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		1997-2001 CDC			Margaret Nosek
Patterns of Abuse: The Lived Experience of Partner Abuse in Physically Disabled Women	Villanova University College of Nursing		2000 –2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Linda Carman Copel			The cycle of violence model does not accurately portray the abuse experience endured by physically disabled women. A model to reflect their experience has been proposed.	Validation of the model of abuse for women with disabilities needs to be done.
Women’s PAS Abuse Research Project		Oregon Health Sciences University		1997-2000 NIDRR			Laurie Powers
Reducing Risk Factors for Abuse Among Low Income Minority Women with Disabilities (3 studies)		Baylor College of Medicine		1996-1999 NIDRR			Margaret Nosek		Proj 1 & 2: get from abuse intervention kit research flyer, on abuse knowledge of rehab service providers & Abuse services by independent living centers Proj 3: Battered women’s programs serve few women with disabilities and vary widely in their ability to serve them.
Women with Physical Disabilities’ Experiences of Abuse		Oregon Health and Science University		2001-2004 National Institute of Nursing Research			Dena Phillips
Aging Return to top
Post-Menopausal Sequelae in Aging Women with Spinal Cord Injury		UAB		1999-2004 NIDRR			Amie B Jackson, Steven Theiss and Sarah Morgan
Management of Increasing Functional Loss in Aging Women		Baylor College of Medicine			2000-2002 NIA		Ellen Grabois
Prevalence of Medication Discrepancies in Older Women with Disabilities		Villanova University College of Nursing			2000-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation		Janice Duffin Vanessa Zimmerman		A sample of 100 women with disabilities over the age of 60 of low socioeconomic status (Medicaid recipients) was studied to document the rate of discrepancy between the women’s reported current medications and what their primary health care provider list as their current medications.	Identification and testing of strategies to increase awareness of health care providers of risks of older women with disabilities for potential adverse drug reactions; analysis of cost savings to Medicaid program as a result of interventions.
Vitamin D Deficiency Among Older Women with And without Disability		John Hopkins Medical Institution		2000 NIH		Richard Semba			found vitamin D deficiency is a common and preventable problem among older disabled women, particularly older African-American with disabilities
The Challenges of Change: The Midlife Health Needs of Women with Disabilities		DisAbled Women’s Network Canada			BCCEWH		Marina Morrow			Current Study Ongoing
Risk Factors For Physical Disability In Aging Women		Johns Hopkins University		1994-1999 NIH		Linda Fried
Women with pre-existing physical disabilities: the impact of aging.		SSHRCC/Status of Disabled Persons Secretariat		1994-1995			W. Pentland
The Missing Voices in Long-Term Policy Making: Elderly Women and Women with Disabilities		DisAbled Women’s Network Canada			BCCEWH		Jane Aronson		longitudinal qualitative study exploring the experiences of elderly women and women with disabilities who receive home care in Ontario.	Current Study Ongoing
Women Aging with a Spinal Cord Injury (funded by Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation)		School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University					M. Gould
Breast Cancer Return to top
Oregon Health Division’s Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program		Oregon Office on Disability and Health		1999 CDC			Ann Pobutsky		Women with disabilities in Oregon may not be getting adequate ongoing preventive screening tests
Cardiovascular Disease Return to top
Cardiovascular Diseases in Women with SCI and its Effect on Participation in Community Activities		Rancho		2001-2004 NIDRR			Yaga Szlachcic
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Women with Disabilities: Awareness, Reported Risk Factors, and Frequency of Screening		Villanova University College of Nursing		2000-2002 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Therese Capriotti		Preliminary findings of a sample of 100 women with disabilities indicate physical inactivity, increased risk for heart disease in women with a disability, and lack of adequate screening for CV disease. Data collection on non-disabled women of similar age is in process.	Development and testing of strategies to increase awareness among primary health care providers about CV disease risk and screening needs in women with a disability.
Economic Outcomes Return to top
Disability and Rehabilitation Research and Related Projects: Improved Economic Outcomes for Women with Disabilities		University of Mass., Boston, TGCI		1999 NIDRR
General Return to top
Improving the Health and Wellness of Women with Disabilities: Proceedings of a Symposium to Establish a Research Agenda (National Library of Medicine)		Baylor College of Medicine		2001-2004 NIH, NLM			Margaret Nosek
Improving the Health and Wellness of Women with Disabilities: A Symposium to improve a Research Agenda		Baylor College of Medicine		2001-2003 CDC			Margaret Nosek
Cost Analysis of Secondary Conditions in Disabled Women		Baylor College of Medicine		2000-2003 CDC			Margaret Nosek
Integration of Content on Women with Disabilities in Nursing Curricula	Villanova University College of Nursing		2000-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Mary Anne Dolen Suzanne Smeltzer Gale Robinson-Smith			Data analysis is in the beginning stage. Preliminary analysis of 239 mailed questionnaires from a random national sample of schools of nursing reveals inadequate time, inadequate room in curricula, and lack of faculty expertise to address health issues of persons with disability.	Identification and testing of creative approaches to motivate health professions faculty to address health issues, including health promotion, of persons with disabilities in their educational programs.
Lifestyle and Activity Practices of Women with Disabilities		California Physical Therapy Association and California State University		2001			K. A. Curtis		Investigated the barriers to regular physical activity for women with mobility-related physical disabilities. In addition, women with physical disabilities have a lack of knowledge about general health and wellness practices.	Women with physical disabilities may benefit from a structured educational and physical activity program to address their lifestyle and activity habits.
A Comparison of Stroke Risk Factors in Men and Women with Disabilities		Villanova University College of Nursing		2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Janice Hinkle Rosalind Smith Karen Revere		A sample of 146 individuals (men and women) who identified themselves as having a disability have similar stroke risk factors to the non-disabled population. Hypertension (HTN), the most common preventable stroke risk factor in the general population, is also prevalent in men and women in this disabled sample. Disabled men in this sample have a significantly higher rates of HTN and smoking compared to disabled women.	Testing of strategies to teach health care providers to include health promotion efforts for individuals with a disability that are age appropriate (such as stroke risk assessments) and not focus solely on the underlying cause of the disability. Testing of creative health promotion efforts to reach out to disabled men and women with an emphasis on decreasing HTN and smoking.
Health Status of Women with Cerebral Palsy; Project WEALTH (Women Empowered, Aware, and Learning Through Health Education)		Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, State University of New York (SUNY) Health Science Center at Syracuse, NY		1997-2000 CDC			Margaret Turk		Women with mobility impairments benefit from traditional health promotion activities. Disability type influences one's perception of health. Level of social support and education predicted participation in health promoting behaviors in our study.	Barriers to participation are likely more than the traditional problems with accessibility, transportation, and child care. These "unknown barriers" should be evaluated further.
Secondary Conditions of Adults with Cerebral Palsy		Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, State University of New York (SUNY) Health Science Center at Syracuse, NY		1992-1996 CDC			Margaret Turk		Generally, women with CP are healthy, with no increased risk for any specific co-morbidity. They can anticipate modest change in motor function over time, but no dramatic loss of function. Common secondary conditions and health issues are: pain and musculoskeletal problems, bladder and bowel problems, and poor dental hygiene.
Impact of Disability on Women: A comparative study of Canadian and Indian women with disabilities		School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University					Elizabeth John
Women with Disability: The Social Construct of Access (Phase 1 and Phase 2)		DisAbled Women’s Network Canada			BCCEWH		Carol Bast		Questions that will be explored: What affects healthy living for women with disabilities? What impact do familial, economic, and social conditions have on the lives of women with disabilities?	Current Study Ongoing
Assessing the needs and resources of indigenous women with disabilities		San Diego State University, Interwork Institute, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center of the Pacific			NIDRR		Marshall, CA
Results of a modified BRFSS questionnaire to determine risks associated with disability		North Carolina		1999 CDC			D. Ehrenkrantz		Women with disabilities were less likely to have a clinical breast exam, mammogram, or pap smear.
Health behaviors of North Carolina adults with and without disabilities: Preliminary findings from the 1998 BRFSS				1999 CDC			K. Passaro		Women who used special equipment were less likely to have regular mammograms
International Forum on Women with Disabilities		National Council Disability		1997-1998 National Science Foundation			Ethel Briggs		International Leadership Forum for Women with Disabilities to be held June 15-20, 1997 in Bethesda, Maryland; follow-up to the UN 4th World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995. Proceedings will be made available to participants on-line.
Distinctive Impacts Of Arthritis For Women		University Of Michigan At Ann Arbor		1996-1997 NIH			Lois Verbrugge
study of medications, degree of mobility disablement, and access to care as risk factors for self-reported adverse drug reactions among 2,384 Medicare recipients who have mobility disablement.		University of Iowa		CDC			Chrischilles
Meeting the Needs of Women with Disabilities: A Blueprint for Change		Berkeley Planning Associates		1994-1997 NIDRR			Ann Cupolo Freeman		Delphi Process Survey of future research needs for women with disabilities. Women with disabilities used Participatory Action Research to identify these needs.	The top nine research topics and service needs identified were 1) Abuse and Violence, 2) Reproductive Health Services, 3) Youth Programs, 4) Substance Abuse Services, 5) Child Care Services, 6) Child Protective Services, 7) Aging Services, 8) AFDC, and 9) Adoption Services
Girls with Disabilities Return to top
Girls With Disabilities Get SMART		Girls Incorporated		1994-1998 National Science Foundation			Heather Johnston Nicholson (current PI) Harilyn Rousso (former PI) Janet Greenberg (former PI)		The overall project goals is to provide girls with disabilities with access to the needed skills to persist in science and mathematics courses in school, and pursue mathematics and science careers and interests in adult life.
Girls with Disabilities on Line		University of Minnesota		1995-1998 National Science Foundation			Laura C. Koch		Addresses attitudinal and educational barriers faced by girls with severe disabilities, grades K-8, in preparation for taking science, engineering, and mathematical classes; uses state-of-the-art and emerging adaptive computer technology, as well as peer training
Health Promotion Return to top
Health Promotion for Women with Fibromyalgia		The University of Texas at Austin		2003-2007 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH			Alexa Stuifbergen		A sample of 160 women with FMS will be recruited to participate in a randomized clinical study to determine the effects of this wellness intervention that includes an eight week health promotion/behavior change component and 3 months of follow-up phone support.
Health Promotion for Women Aging with Disability		Baylor College of Medicine		2000-2003 NIDRR			Margaret Nosek
Health Promotion and Quality of Life in Chronic Illness		University of Texas at Austin		1999-2003			Alexa Stuifbergen; Heather Becker, Gayle Timmerman, and Shelley Blozis, co-investigators		This ongoing longitudinal study includes 376 women with multiple sclerosis. Response rates over the 7 year survey study have exceeded 85% at each mailing. Women who reported more frequent health behaviors have significantly less accumulation of physical impairment over the initial three years of the study.
Wellness Intervention for Women with MS		University of Texas at Austin		1996-2000			Alexa Stuifbergen; Heather Becker, Anne Seraphine, and Shelley Blozis, co-investigators		This randomized clinical trial examined the effects of a two-phase wellness intervention for women with MS (N=113).The intervention included lifestyle-change classes for 8 weeks and telephone follow-up for three months. The intervention group had significantly greater self-efficacy for health practices, health promoting behaviors and improved pain and mental health scores compared to the control group.
Barriers to Wellness Activities for Canadian Women with Physical Disabilities		Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto		Ontario Ministry of Health (Career Scientist Award)			Fran Odette and Karen Yoshida		Data were collected from 45 women physical, hearing, or visual disabilities in six focus groups in urban and rural Ontario, Canada. Participants represented diverse communities and ethnicities. Women reported barriers prevented them from engaging in desired wellness activities.
Health Promotion Interests of Women with Disabilities and Their Caregivers		Villanova University College of Nursing			1999-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Vanessa Zimmerman Suzanne Smeltzer	539 women with disabilities identified stress management, exercise, nutrition, overview of health promotion, strategies to maintain mental health and aging with a disability as health promotion topics of most interest to them.	Development and testing of educational strategies to provide health promotion information to women with disabilities and to reach those who are typically hard to reach.
Health Promotion for Women with Physical Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		1996-2000 NIH			Margaret Nosek
Health Promotion Intervention for Women with MS		University. of Texas at Austin		1996-2000 NIH			Alexa Stuifbergen
Health Promotion for Women with Disabilities		Temple University		1996-1999 NIH			Catherine Coyle
Exercise And Well-Being In Women With Sickle Cell Anemia		Medical College Of Georgia		1996-1999 NIH			Bernard Gutin, Kristi Woods
Wellness for Women with Polio: A Holistic Program Model		University of Michigan		1996-1999 NIH			Denise G. Tate		Positive health behavior increased as a result of this relatively short intervention	A longer holistic intervention targeted at alleviating or preventing specific secondary conditions such as obesity or fatigue may be more effective; the power of connectedness and support as well as change in self-efficacy levels could be scientifically measured as part of future studies.
Barriers to Wellness Activities for Canadian Women with Physical Disabilities		Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto					F. Odette		Data were collected in six focus groups in urban and rural Ontario, Canada.
Barriers to Preventive Health Practices in Women with Spinal Cord Impairments		California State University					D. Persaud		A convenience sample of 28 women was recruited from community settings to participate in a qualitative investigation.
Preventive Healthcare in Women with Multiple Sclerosis		Hospital for Joint Diseases/Mount Sinai NYU Health, Multiple Sclerosis Care Center, and NYU Medical Center		Initiative for Women with Disabilities (Elly Hammerman)			Debra Shabas		Women with MS do not receive adequate screening and medical preventive checkups. Approximately 50% of the women do not get regular medical checkups, 25% do not receive regular pelvic examinations, and 11% have not had a pap smear within 3-5 years.	The benefits of preventive healthcare should be stressed to women with MS, and referrals should be facilitated by neurologists. Osteoporosis prevention and screening must be made part of the medical plan for women with MS.
Health Services Return to top
Use of screening and preventive services among women with disabilities,		Harvard Medical School		AHRQ			Lisa I. Iezzoni, M.D., M.Sc.
Preventive Healthcare in Women with Multiple Sclerosis		Hospital for Joint Diseases/Mount Sinai NYU Health, Multiple Sclerosis Care Center, and NYU Medical Center		Initiative for Women with Disabilities (Elly Hammerman)			Debra Shabas		Women with MS do not receive adequate screening and medical preventive checkups. Approximately 50% of the women do not get regular medical checkups, 25% do not receive regular pelvic examinations, and 11% have not had a pap smear within 3-5 years.	The benefits of preventive healthcare should be stressed to women with MS, and referrals should be facilitated by neurologists. Osteoporosis prevention and screening must be made part of the medical plan for women with MS.
Menopause Return to top
Post-Menopausal Sequelae in Aging Women with Spinal Cord Injury		University of Alabama, Birmgham			1999-2004		Amie B Jackson, MD, Steven Theiss,MD and Sarah Morgan, MD
Women with Polio: Menopause, Late Effects, Quality of Life, and Psychological Well being		University of Michigan, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation			2003 Gazette International Networking Institute- International Polio Network		Claire Kalpakjian and Denise Tate
Menopausal Concerns and Experiences of Women with Multiple Sclerosis		Villanova University College of Nursing			2000-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation		Suzanne Smeltzer Vanessa Zimmerman		Many in the sample of 18 women with MS were concerned about the interaction of MS and menopause but indicated that little information about the interaction was available. Women’s concerns about the interaction of MS and menopause were often dismissed by health care providers.	Examination of the relationship of symptoms of chronic disabling conditions and menopause and effective strategies to address them.
Hormone Replacement Therapy Among Women with Disabilities		University of Texas at Austin			1999-2001 NINR		Heather Becker; Alexa Stuifbergen; Dorothy Gordon
		University of Michigan					clairez@umich.edu
		University of Michigan
Mental Health Return to top
Depression and Rural Women with Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		2003-2006 NIDRR			Rosemary Hughes
Stress and Coping among Women with SCI		University of Michigan		2002-2005 NIDRR			Denise Tate
Depression Self-Management and Women with Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		2001-2004 NIH			Rosemary Hughes
Stress Self-Management for Women with Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		2001-2003 CDC			Rosemary Hughes
Disability, Social Support, and Concern for Children: Depression in Mothers with Multiple Sclerosis		University of Texas at Austin		National Institute of Nursing Research, NIH			Tracie Harrison and Alexa Stuifbergen		Sample: n=201 women with MS. The results indicate that disability and concern for children are independent predictors of depressive symptoms, and social support can partially mediate the effect of concern for children on depressive symptoms.	Appropriate support should be identified and provided by nurses caring for mothers with disabilities such as MS to decrease the depressive symptoms related to the concern they have for their children.
The Role of Catastrophizing in the Pain and Depression of Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome		New Jersey- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School					Afton Hassett		Sample: n=64 women with FMS and n=30 women with rheumatoid arthritis. Regression analyses revealed that in FMS, catastrophizing as a measure of coping predicted patients’ perception of pain better than demographic variables such as age, duration of illness, and education.
Self-Esteem and Women with Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		1999-2002 NIDRR			Rosemary Hughes and Margaret Nosek
Osteoporosis Return to top
Osteoporosis Among Women and Girls with Disabilities		Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, State University of New York (SUNY) Health Science Center at Syracuse, NY		2001-2003 CDC			Margaret Turk
Bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk in women with disabilities		Villanova University College of Nursing		1999-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Suzanne Smeltzer Vanessa Zimmerman		There is a high incidence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with disabilities but little attention is given to this disorder and women are not being tested or treated. In a sample of 429 women, most of whom have neurological disabilities, only 25% reported previous BMD testing, and 32% ever received a recommendation for BMD testing from health care providers.	Exploration of reasons that health care providers fail to recognize the importance of osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with disabilities. Testing of strategies to increase detection, predictors, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis in women with neurological and other disabilities. Testing of osteoporosis treatment modalities in women with disabilities.
Osteoporosis Risk Factors and Bone Mineral Density in Women with MS		Villanova University College of Nursing		1999-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Suzanne Smeltzer Vanessa Zimmerman		Subsample of 142 women with MS; low BMD is common in women with MS, increasing their risk for osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures.	Development and testing of strategies to increase knowledge about osteoporosis in women with MS and health care providers.
Reduced Muscle Uptake Of Oxygen During Exercise In Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus		Department of Internal Medicine, National Kasumigaura Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan					M. Sakauchi		Sample: n=21 female patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Low aerobic exercise capacity of patients with SLE appeared to be mainly due to a small increase in O2 pulse. Low anaerobic threshold may explain in part why patients with SLE become easily fatigued.
Follow-up Study of Actions of Women with Disability Following Bone Mineral Density Screening		Villanova University College of Nursing		2000-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation			Suzanne Smeltzer Vanessa Zimmerman		Follow-up of 114 women with physical disabilities who underwent bone density screening and received their results revealed low level of concern to most women in study; few health care providers followed testing and treatment recommendations consistent with the NIH Consensus Statement on Osteoporosis	Identification and testing of strategies to increase the ability of women with disabilities to obtain BMD testing and treatment of osteoporosis.
Perceptions of Women with Multiple Sclerosis About Osteoporosis Follow Up		Villanova University College of Nursing			2000-2001 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation		Nancy C. Sharts-Hopko Suzanne Smeltzer		Focus group participants (N=22) identified numerous strategies to help women with MS act to reduce osteoporosis risk and more effectively direct their own health care.	Development and testing of educational strategies to enable and empower women with MS to manage their health care to reduce osteoporosis risk. Identification of strategies for effective physician education in the area of osteoporosis risk reduction among women with MS.
Beliefs, Perceptions, and Practices Related to the Ability to Prevent Immobility and Fracture among Women with Multiple Sclerosis		Villanova University College of Nursing			1999-2000 Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation		Nancy C. Sharts-Hopko Maureen Sullivan		Of 29 women, most had some but incomplete knowledge and most were attempting to reduce osteoporosis risk; physicians had not provided guidance in most cases even when asked.	Identification of health promotion strategies that result in actions among women with MS related to osteoporosis risk reduction.
Osteoporosis And Disability In Life-Care Community Women		Duke University		1992-1997 NIH		Deborah Gold
Osteoporosis and Women with Disabilities		Institute of Gerontology					Sharon Milberger
Parenting Return to top
Mothers with Spinal Cord Injury		Baylor College of Medicine		1995-2000 NIDRR			Margaret Nosek
Physical Activity Return to top
African American Women and Physical Activity		Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago		1997-2001 CDC			Jim Rimmer		Results showed very low levels of exercise and general activity patterns in African American women with severe physical disabilities that may expose them to a higher risk of secondary health conditions. African American women with a physical disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in doing so because of their inability to overcome several barriers to increased physical activity participation.	Future research should address barriers specific to the target population. More detailed qualitative and quantitative data are needed to analyze differences, if any, between the physical activity patterns of various population subgroups of individuals with disabilities.
Aerobic Fitness, Fatigue, and Physical Disability in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus		Bone and Joint Research Unit and the Dept. of Psychological Medicine, St. Bartholomew’s, Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry and the National Sports Medicine Institute, UK		Arthritis Research Campaign, Special Trustees of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and the British Medical Association Doris Hillier Award			Colin Tench		Patients with SLE were less fit with reduced exercise capacity, reduced muscle strength, more fatigue, and greater disability compared to sedentary controls. Sample: n=93 women with SLE, and 41 healthy but sedentary female controls.	Treatments developed to manage depression and improve aerobic fitness should be considered in the overall treatment of fatigue and disability in SLE.
Dyspnea in Ambulatory Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Prevalence, Severity, and Correlation with Incremental Exercise Testing		Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine					D.B. Hellman		Dyspnea is a common and frequently disabling condition in ambulatory patients with SLE, associated with a history of lupus involvement of the lung. Dyspnea correlates highly with objective measures of exercise limitation. Sample: n=25 consecutive women.
Physical Performance And Cardiovascular And Metabolic Adaptation Of Elite Female Wheelchair Basketball Players In Wheelchair Ergometry And In Competition		Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, the University of Freiburg, Germany					A. Schmid		Sample: n=13 female wheelchair basketball players and 10 female sedentary people with SCI. Wheelchair basketball is an effective and suitable sport to enhance physical performance and to induce positive physiological adaptations.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange And Exercise Capacity In Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus		Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy					Silvia Forte		Sample: n=13 women with SLE and 5 age-matched controls. Reduced muscle aerobic capacity is common in SLE and is most likely because of peripheral muscle deconditioning. Increased ventilatory demand, secondary to diffuse interstitial lung disease, is not a significant contributor to the reduction in exercise tolerance.
Shoulder Pain In Female Wheelchair Basketball Players		Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Services, California State University, Fresno					Kathleen A. Curtis		Sample: n=46 female wheelchair basketball players. Shoulder and upper extremity pain was a very common problem reported by over 90% of the subjects in this study.	Prevention of pain and chronic disability in athletes who use wheelchairs should be addressed by coaches, players, and health care professionals.
Osteoarthrosis Of The Hip In Women And Its Relationship To Physical Load From Sports Activities		Department of Occupational Health, NVSO, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden		1991-1994 Swedish Council For Work Life Research			E. Vingard		Swedish women 50 to 70 years of age; n=230 women with hip replacements due to osteoarthritis and n=273 controls (randomly selected women)
Dance-Based Exercise Program In Rheumatoid Arthritis		Rehabilitation Institute of Quebec City, Laval University, Canada					L. Noreau		N=10 female participants
Women, Disability, and Sport and Physical Fitness Activity		Southern Illinois University at Carbondale		Department of Education			Kathleen Plesko
Reduced Muscle Uptake Of Oxygen During Exercise In Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus		Department of Internal Medicine, National Kasumigaura Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan					Michihiro Sakauchi		Compared 2 control groups of female patients with female patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Group 1: n=40 women with various health conditions, Group 2: n=10 women with chronic anemia, and Group 3: n=21 women with SLE. Low aerobic exercise capacity of patients with SLE appeared to be mainly due to a small increase in O2 pulse. Low anaerobic threshold may explain in part why patients with SLE become easily fatigued.
Reproductive Health Return to top
Access to Reproductive Health Care for Women with Spinal Cord Injury		Baylor College of Medicine		1995-2000 NIDRR			Margaret Nosek
A Curriculum for Training Physician Assistants in Primary and Reproductive Health Care for Women with Spinal Cord Injury		Baylor College of Medicine		1996-1997 PVA/ETF			Margaret Nosek
A Curriculum for Training Physicians in Reproductive Health Care for Women with Physical Disabilities		Baylor College of Medicine		1996 NIDRR			Margaret Nosek
Reproductive Health Care Experiences Of Women With Physical Impairments		The University of Texas at Austin		1996 University Research Institute			M. Tinkle, A. Stuifbergen, & H. Becker
A Curriculum for Training Physicians in Reproductive Health Care for Women with Spinal Cord Injuries		Baylor College of Medicine		1995-1996 PVA/ETF			Margaret Nosek
Secondary Conditions Return to top
Cost of Secondary Conditions in Women		Baylor College of Medicine		2001-2004 CDC			Margaret Nosek
Preventing Secondary Conditions for Women with Mobility Impairments		University of Kansas		1997-2000 CDC			Glen White
Sexuality Return to top
A Doubled-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Sildenafil in Improving Sexual Responsiveness in Women with SCI.		University of Miami		2001-2004 NIDRR			Marca Sipski
Physiologic Effects Of SCI On Female Sexual Response		Mount Sinai School Of Medicine Of NYU		1997-2000 NIH			Marca Sipski
Psychosocial Behaviors Of Women with Disabilities		Baylor College Of Medicine		1992-1996 NIH			Margaret Nosek
Physiologic Effects Of Spinal Cord Injury On Women		Kessler Institute For Rehabilitation,		1992-1994 NIH			Marca Sipski

List of Acronyms:

AHRQ—Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

BCCEWH—British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health